WSarfTrotegtion 



Teredo ^n^ Jmnoria 



IkIxUSTR=ftTED 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



J 



^H 



WSarf^rotegtion 

AGAINST 

Teredo ^nd iimnoria 

BY 

H. L. GULLINE & CO., SEATTLE, WASH. 







w 




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S91, 

By Henry Lawrence Gulline 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE 

As agents throughout the State of Washington, and the Province of British Cohimbia, for 
the Paraffine Paint Company of San Francisco, California, we herewith present a review of 
their process of protecting submerged timber against the ravages of teredo and hmnoria, to- 
gether with a description of the animals themselves, tlieir classification and habits. 

In consequence of the large number of letters received, asking for every kind of informa- 
tion concerning the P. & B. Pile-Covering, we respectfully submit the following. 

H. L. GULLINE & Co. 

Seattle, Wash., Dec, 1891. 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE. 

Teredo and Litnnoria _ 3 

Split Section of Pile, Showing Teredos and their Burrows 10 

Section of Limnoria Eaten Pile j2 

Condition of Unprotected Piles, Submerged Fourteen Months 14 

Condition of Protected Piles, Submerged nearly Eight Years _._ 14 

Great Northern R'y Co. Applying the P. & B. Covering at Seattle iS 

Teredo-Proof Pile Ready for Driving 20 

vSection Showing Position of Nails Used on Battens 21 

Pincers Used in Connection with the P. & B. Pile-Covering..., 21 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Preface 3 

Teredo and Limnoria 7 

The Teredo . 9 

The Limnoria 11 

The P. & B. Pile-Covering .. 15 

Copper 16 

Creosote : 16 

Mode of Applying the P. & B. Covering 19 

Cost of Protecting Pilesby the P. & B. Process 22 

Comparative Cost of Protecting with Copper, Creosote and P. & B. Covering 23 

ENDORSEMENTS. 

PAGE. 

Northern Pacific Railroad Company 24, 25 

Great Northern Railway Line 26 

Oregon Improvement Company 27 

Thomas Thompson 28 

The San Francisco & North Pacific R. R. Co. 29 

The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway Company 30 

San Francisco Bridge Company . 31 

Darb3'Laydou & Co 32 

Pacific Gas Improvement Co 33 

Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Co 34 

New Vancouver Coal, Mining & Land Co 35 

Other references 36 



Teredo ai^d Jj^noria 

HE generally accepted theory witli regard to the advent of teredo and liranoriu upon our 
shores, is that in the early commercial history'' of the Pacific Coast, vessels trading between 
the Orient and California, carried them over secreted in their hulls, and that their eggs were 
deposited while the ships lay at the wharves. 

It is not denied that shipping, driftwood and wreckage may have assisted in disseminat- 
ing them to a certain extent, hut the prevailing idea that their pi-esence is due entirely to such 
causes is absolutely erroneous. They are purely the result of a natural law, and are found in 
all seas of the world where the prevalence of timber presents a field for their labor. 

Before giving a brief description of them, together with their manner of operating, we 
beg to thank Professor Orson B. Johnson of the State University, Seattle, for his kind informa- 
tion in regard to their classification. 




TEREDO AND LIMNORIA 





THE TEREDO 




Brancli 


Mollusca 


Sliell Fish 


Order 


Pebjcypoda 


Bivalves 


Famih' 


Pholadidse 


Shielded Borer 


Genus 


Xylotnja 


Wood Borrower 


Species 


Fimbricda 


Fringed 



The teredo when full grown varies on tliis coast from ten to eighteen inches in length ; 
its hody which is semi-transparent and of a bluish-white color, is soft like that of a jelly fish, 
and about twice as thick as an ordinary lead pencil. The boring extremity (erroneously 
called the head), is composed of two shells, concave on the under side, and running to sharp 
points at the top, forming a perfect auger, in the center of wliich is the foot, a sucker used in 
transferring the wood borings to the stomach. Two siphons run the entire length of the ani- 
mal, one being used to supply the water necessar\' for softening the wood and preventing fric- 
tion in the process of boring, and the other as a channel through which the digested particles 
are discharged. The so-called tail remains at tlje aperture by which the animal originally 
entered, and consists of two flat plates from an inch to two inches long, called the pallets, 
which are fringed on both sides with short feathery particles, giving them' the appearance of 
arrow heads. A common ligament connects tlie pallets with the body, and enables them to 

9 



be worked uackwards, presumably to admit of free action to the siphons, whose extremities 
lie between tliem. 

Their cells or burrows are lined with a smooth calcareous film, and incline inward and 
upward, but in spite of the fact that thousands of teredos attack the same pile, no two burrows 
ever meet, though the intervening walls are frequentl}^ no thicker than a sheet of j^aper. 

According to Quatrefages, the larvae in their primary stage, consist in minute form of the 
shell or boring portion only, and that by means of the foot protruding therefrom, they attach 
themselves to the timber during the process of rasping an ingress. 

Once an entrance is effected, their growth is very rapid, attaining the maximum in 
from eight to twelve months. 



THE LIMNORIA 



Brand 1 


Arthropoda 


Jointed Limb 


Order 


Tetradecapoda 


Fourteen Footed 


Family 


Oniscoidea 


Resembling a Wood-louse 


Genus 


Limnoria 


Wood Eater 


Species 


Terebrans 


Perforator 



This louse is a short, flat, oval crustacean, from an eighth to a quarter of an incli long, 
and strongly resembles the sow-bug or pill-bug. The back at the extremities is almost square, 



and segmented like that of a lobster. It is provided with four fimbriated antennae, those next 
the head being longer and thicker than the outer ones ; these feelers constitute tlie organs of 
touch and hearing. It has fourteen legs, fimbriated like the antennte, and terminating in 
strong, horny claws, by which it obtains a firm grip on the wood while eating it. 

Myriads of these creatures attack a pile, confining their operations to that surface which 
lies between high and low water. While they are not as commonly found, they are quite as 
destructive as their co-workers the teredos, although their mode of attack and the effect pro- 
duced on the timber are entirely dissimilar. Attaching themselves to the surface, they per- 
forate and eat the wood from the outside, literally cutting it in two, so that oftentimes part of 
the pile will be left hanging from the cap, while thai portion of it beneath low tide mark, is 
entirely free from their action. 

Very little definite information is obtainable concerning the original form of the larvse^ 
but it is authentically known that they strongly resemble- the parent during the subsequent 
metamorphoses. 

Our illustrations on pages 10 and 12 are from photographs of ,two sections taken from 
Seattle Harbor, showing the condition of piles after several months' exposure to the ravages 
of teredo and limnoria. 



No. 1. Section of UNPROTECTED pile from San Francisco Bay, submerged FOURTEEN MONTHS. Completely 
ruined. 

No. 1 No. 2 






, • *-■ ^ 



*»<i^ i» >--^tlw# "• ♦^i m.- 




No- 2. Section PROTECTED by the P. & B. Pile Covering, showing the condition of piles at the same place 
after SEVEN YEARS and SIX MONTHS submersion. No deterioration whatever in the covering, and the piles sound 
throughout. 



The P. 8t B. Pile^GoVcmng 



IVeI 



EARLY eight years have elapsed since letters patent were issued for what is now widely 
'^^ known as the P. & B. Pile-Covering, so called from the initial letters of the inventors' 
names, Messrs. Pearce and Beardsley of San Francisco, California. 

It is jnade of heavy jute cloth, thirty-three inclies wide, thoroughly saturated with P. & B. 
pile compound, and lined on the inner side with manilla to prevent the surfaces from adher- 
ing in the process of its manufacture. Being prepared under immense pressure, it is uniform 
tiiroughout, and remains pliable at all times, thus facilitating the work of its application. 

Many who had noticed the disastrous terminations of various pile armours, and who 
in consequence were at first sceptical as to the ultimate success of this invention, have since 
had every shadow of doubt removed, and indorse it to-day as the best and most economical 
protection against marine animals which has yet been devised. 

The life of unprotected piles on this coast varies according to locality from six to eighteen 
months, and the fact that this covering has withstood the corrosive action of the salt water, as 
well as the attacks of its still more destructive inhabitants, the teredo and liinnoria, for seven 
years and six months, is the best possible evidence of its effectiveness and durability. It is 
now used by most of the leading railroad companies on the coast, and has lately been adopted 
in preference to all other protections by the California State Board of Harbor Commissioners, 

15 



who daring tlie last eighteen months have used it in covering over 100,000 hneal feet of piles 
driven in San Francisco Bay. ' 

The materials froua which it is made are absolutely insoluble in salt water, so that in spite 
of the length of time it has been submerged, it still remains intact, without the slightest sign 
of deterioration or decay. Can as much be said of other pile protections ? We think not. 

COPPER 

Even copper, the cost of which is prohibitive (|1 to fl.lO per lineal foot applied), is fre- 
quently cut by the fine film of sand carried on the surface of advancing and recedina waves 
thus leaving an opening which eventually means the destruction of the pile P & B cover- 
ing IS not subject to this friction, because, unlike the metal whicii always remains clean it is 
a fertilizer, and rapidly becomes thickly coated with grass, mussels and other shellfish 
which, besides being entirely harmless to the material, act as an additional protection. 

CREOSOTE 

Contrasted with this process, P. & B. Covering has the decided advantage, not only as 
regards the great difference in cost (see page 23), but also in serviceableness. It is a fact well 
known to those who have studied the subject, that the operation of creosoting destroys in a 
great measure the texture of the pile and robs it of its virtue, rendering it brittle, brash and unfit- 
ting It for driving m ordinarily hard bottoms. This is the unavoidable sequence of the cookino- 
It receives m the retorts before the creosote is forced into it. "^ 



The following extracts from absolutely disinterested reports, show in what estimation 
creosote as a pile preservative is held by the highest English and American authorities : 

Mr. Thomas Stevenson, one of Great Britain's most reliable maritime engineers, writes as 
follows in Chapter JO, page 197, of his work entitled " The Construction of Harbours : " 

" The creosote process was recently employed in the construction of timber work subject to 
the attacks of marine insects. It was found that the woody fibre was eaten, even although the 
outer skin had suffered no injury after leaving the tank ; at Scrabster, Invergorden and other 
places where the timber was thoroughly treated with creosote, it had been very much de- 
stroyed by the teredo, luhich undoubtedly eats the timber freely, even though it be still black ivith 
creosote and continue to emit its pungent odor." 

Lieutenant Sears of the U. S. Engineering Corps, who was in charge of the construction 
of the Wilmington breakwater, reports as follows in Volume 5, page 388, of " Transactions of 
the American Society of Civil Engineers : " 

" During a four j^ears' experience at Wilmington breakwater, California, over a milhon feet of 
our timber was treated with creosote. It utterly failed to protect the timber from the worms. 1 have 
no confidence ^vhcdever in the creosoting of timber for its preservation from ivorm attack, and my 
observcdion at Wilmington and elsewJiere leads me to consider it an utter failure." 




GREAT NORTHERN R'Y CO. APPLYING THE P. & B. COVERING AT SEATTLE 



JVIode o! Applying the P. 8t 1B. Covering 

IflKST lay the piles on stringers in order to raise them about a foot above the grouucl, so 
^ that they may be easily rolled backwards and forwards. Remove the bark, all knots and 
protuberances, leaving the surface smooth and round, from about a foot below mud line to 
midway between high and low water (mean tide). The object of protecting about a foot in 
the mud, is to allow for the usual shallow basin formed at the base of piles by crabs and other 
crustaceans, as well as by the rise and fall of tide. After allowing from tliree to four hours 
for the sap to cease exuding from the newly peeled wood, paint the barked space thoroughly 
with P. & B. compound, which is apphed cold, and needs neither stirring nor mixing. 
WHILE THE PAINT IS WET (it dries very quickly), nail on the covering, commencing at the 
top of the pile, allowing 1| inches on overlaps, and using 1 J inch copper or j^ellow metal nails, 
placed about IJ inches apart round both ends and on all overlaps. Another good coat of 
the compound is then applied over the covering and nail-heads, and 1x2 inch battens, 5 feet 

19 



loijg and sharpened at the lower ends, are nailed with lOd wire nails to the top 10 or 15 feet 
of the covered space, in order to prevent abrasion in the gins of the pile-driver. Our illustra- 



^,<:^^, 




tion on page 20 shows the top 10 feet of a pile properly covered and battened ; 

the lower portion should be covered in precisely the same way, but without 

battens. Six battens are sufficient to go round a pile from 12 to 14 inches in 

diameter, and the nails used on them should be placed about a foot apart, and 

incline slightl}^ upwards (see cut), in order to counteract the effect of tlie stroke 

of the pile hammer. Strong iron pincers of 

the shape shown in the cut, are used to draw 

the covering tightly round the pile, so that 

it may hug it closely, leaving no bulges, and 

virtually form a false bark. These pincers 

which can be made by any blacksmith, 

should have grips 34 inches wide in the clear, so that the material which is 

33 inches in width may freely pass between them. 

If any evidence of limnoria is ever found between mean and high tide, 
the unprotected space can be easily covered without disturbing the pile. 




Cost of Ppoteeting Piles by the P. <& B. Ppoeess. 

Exclusive of original cost of the piles. 

Estimate on covering loo piles, 46 feet long, averaging 14 inches in diameter. 

Depth of water at mean tide 18 feet. Length of pile in mud 15 feet. Length of pile from cap to mean tide 13 feet. 

Piles protected from i foot below mud line to mean tide (19 ft.). Total, 1,900 lineal feet to be protected. 

P. & B. COVERING (33 inches wide), 950 yards @. 35c $332.50 

One yard covers 2 lineal feet, 14 inches in diameter. 

P. & B. PAINT (Pile Compound), 95 gallons @ i.oo 95.00 

One gallon covers 20 lineal feet, one coat on the barked space, and one coat over the covering. 

YELLOW METAL NAILS (ij4^ inch) 144 nails to i pound, 259 lbs @ 2tc 54.39 

One pound covers 'v^ lineal feet, IJ^ inches apart round the ends, and on all overlaps. 

BATTENS (i X 2 inch), 1000 feet, board measure 8.00 

Each pile battened 10 feet, 6 battens to the circumference. 

TENPENNY WIRE NAILS, 87 nails to i pound, 224 lbs @ 4c 8.96 

One pound covers SJ-j lineal feet, placed 1 toot apart on battens onU'. 

FREIGHT on Covering & Paint from San Francisco to Puget Sound or B. C 14.00 

LABOR (liberal estimate), 1900 lineal feet @ 6c 1 14.00 

$626.85 

TOTAL COST, a fraction less than 33 Cents per lineal foot protected. 

Having covered hundreds of piles b}- the P. & B. Process, we endorse the above as a correct estimate of cost. 

NORTHERN PACIFIC R. R. CO., I GREAT NORTHERN RY. CO.. | OREGON IMPROVEMENT CO., 

A. Rydstrom, j A. G. ScuRFiELD, I B. F. Bush, 

yiss'i E7igineer. I AssH Engineer. | Chief Engineer, 



Comparative E^i^pense of Ppoteeting Piles CCiith 

Copper, Ct^eosotc and p. 8t B. Pile-CoVemng. 

Exclusive in each case of original cost of the piles. 

Estimate on protecting loo piles, 46 feet long, averaging 14 inches in diameter. 

Depth of water at mean tide 18 feet. Length of pile in mud 15 feet. Length of pile from cap to mean tide 13 feet. 

Protection needed from i foot below mud line to mean tide (19 ft. ). Total, i ,900 lineal feet needing protection. 

COPPER 
COPPER, 1900 lineal feet @ i.oo $1900.00 

P. & B. COVERING, 1900 lineal feet (see page 22) L 626.85 

$1273.15 
DIFFERENCE IN FAVOR OF P.&B.COVERING, $1273.15 (over 203 per cent.) 

CREOSOTE 

^ CREOSOTE, 100 piles, 46x5 ft. =51 ft. each. Total, 5100 lineal feet @ 25c $1275.00 

P. & B. COVERING, 1900 lineal feet (seepage 22) 626.85 

$648.15 
DIFFERENCE IN FAVOR OF P. & B.COVERING, $648.15 (over 103 per cent. 1 

■Jt NOTE.— Creosoting invariably makes the piles very brittle, so that thay split and shiver a great deal in driving, and the above al- 
lowance of 5 feet on each pile for cut-off, will be found to be under rather than over estimated. 

23 



NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY. 

Tacoma, Wash., September 27, 1890. 
Gentlemen: — 

We have used your P. & B. Pile-Covering in Coal Bunker No. 3 in Tacoma, the same 
having been in service 20 months. On examination we find no evidence of the action of the 
teredo, the covering still remaining intact in all instances. We are now using your process 
for about 75,000 lineal feet of pile foundations in and about Tacoma. 

So far as my experience goes, after having tried many different schemes, this is the best 
I know of 

Yours truly, 

II. S. Husox, 

Prin. Ass't Engineer. 



NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY. 

Tacoma, Wash., December 2iid, 1891. 
Gentlemen: — 

The Northern Pacific Raih^oad Company has used your P. & B. Paint and Covering on 
the piles used in coal wharf No. 3. 

In all this company has covered by the P. & B. process about 75,000 lineal feet of 
piling. 

In coal wharf No. 3, some piles covered by your process have been in the water a little 
over 3 years, and upon examination they were found to be in perfect condition, without 
any sign of teredo. 

The ordinary life of a winter cut pile at coal wharf No. 3 has been from 10 to, 18 months 
when not protected. 

E. H. McHenry, Arvid Rydstrom, 

Prin. Ass't Engineer. AssH Engineer. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY LINE. 

„ ^, Seattle, Wash., November 25, 1891. 

(jrenUemen: — 

I take pleasure in stating that we have used about 23,000 yards of your P. & B. Pile- 
Covering and also 2,600 gallons of your P. & B. Paint, the order amounting in all to about 
$15,000. 

This material has been used by us to protect our piling from the teredo along the Seattle 
water front. It was selected by Col. W. P. Clough, Vice President of the Great Northern Rail- 
way, after several months' research in the East as well as on the Pacific Coast. 

From what I have seen of the material, as placed upon our piling, I am confident that it 
is a safe and sure protection against the teredo. 

Yours truly, 

Wm. p. Watson, 

Prill. Ass't Engineer. 



OREGON IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. 

Seattle, Wash., December 9th, 1891. 
Gentlemen: — 

During the last four years we have used about 10,000 yards of the P. & B. Covering 
on marine constructions for the Oregon Improvement Company and the Columbia & Puget 
Sound Railroad Company. Examination of the piles protected with it shows them to be in 
as good condition as when first driven, wliile without protection their life would not have 
exceeded fourteen months. 

The covering remains intact, without any evidence of impairment, and from its appear- 
ance will last for many years. It has given us such satisfaction that we are now using it on 
all the piles we are driving. 

C. J. Smith, B. F. Bush, 

Gen'l Mgr. Chief Engineer. 



THOMAS THOMPSON. 

^ ,, San Francisco, Cal, October 30, 3 891. 

(xentlemen: — ' 

In regard to your covering for the protection of piles from the teredo and Hmnoria I 
would say that in the year 1884 I built a wharf in the Bay of San Francisco for Messrs. 
Swanberg & West, treating the piles with your process ; to-day, almost eight years later, 
I find all of them in a state of excellent preservation, while in that locality the average 
duration of an unprotected pile has been about three years. 

Having in the past eight years used your protection very extensively, and Jiaving always 
found it to be as you have represented, I take great pleasure in recommending it to those 
who may have any piles to drive where exposed to the ravages of the teredo or limnoria. 

Yours truly, 

Thomas Thompson, 

Wharf & Bridge Builder. 



THE SAN FRANCISCO &, NORTH PACIFIC R. R. CO. 

San Franx'isco, Cal, December 28th, 1889. 
We, the undersigned, hereby certify: That we were present at the wharf of the San Fran- 
cisco & North Pacific R. R. Co., Point Tiburon, on Tliursday, December 26th, 1889, and had a pile 
drawn which we knew to have been driven in the month of October, 1885. That said pile was cov- 
ered and protected by tlie Paraffine Paint Company's Patent P. & B. Pile-Covering, protected 
froin chafing by battens before being driven, and that upon being drawn, four years and two 
months thereafter, it was fouud to be perfectly sound and free from any signs of the work of the 
teredo and limnoria. The pile-covering was in good condition, though the battens were entirely 
eaten awa}-. 

H. C. Whiting, General Manager. N. Dennis, Sup't Bridges & Buildings. 

W. G. CoEBALEY, Supt. P. J. GiLDEA, Foreman Pile Driver. 



San Fkancisco, Cal., November 14, 1891. 
Referring to my letter of December 28th, 1889, in regard to your pile covering, I beg to 
say we are still using it on all new work, and so far as I know, all the piles covered and 
driven from 188o to date are still in good condition. 

Yours trul}', 

H. C. Whiting, Gen'l Mgr. 

29 



THE SEATTLE. LAKE SHORE & EASTERN RAILWAY COMPANY. 

Gentlemen:— Seattle, Wash, October 19, 1891. 

_ We have used 19,130 yards of P. & B. Pile-Covering and 2,576 gallons of P & B Paint 

as par of our extensive trestle along the water front of this City ' 

materilTwhLtrrT' '''" "' ''"' ""'"" """'^^ ^^^^^^'^ ^^^^'^^^ --^^1-' -^"le your 
matenal which has now been ui our constructions for three years and five months shows no 

We are using the P. & B. protection on all the piles we are drivhig and take mueh 
pleasure tn endorsing it as a perfect protection against teredo and li„,noria 

Yours ver\' truly, 

A. S. Dunham, 
Vice President, Seattle Coal & Iron Co., 
Pres..& Gen'l Mgr., Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern R'y Co. 



SAN FRANCISCO BRIDGE COMPANY 

San Francisco, Cal., October 29th, 1891. 
Gentlemen: — 

We are familiar with the merits of your pile-covering process, having constructed 
several wharves and slips for the State Board of Harbor Commissioners, in -which the 
piles were protected with your covering, the Lombard Street Slip alone having 1,500 piles in 
it protected with your material. 

We believe it to be better, more durable and less liable to abrasion in driving the piles 
than any other methods of covering. 

We consider it a valuable and efficient protection against the action of the teredo and 
other marine worms. 

Yours trul}^, 

San Francisco Bridge Company, 

./. McMullin, President. 



PACIFIC GAS IMPROVEMENT CO. 

Gentlemen: — San Francisco, Cal., December 20th, 1887. 

I had piles driven in our dock, some built in and others detached, three years ago, 
which were protected with your Patent Teredo-Proof Covering. 

Other piles, driven eighteen months afterwards, for chafing piles, unprotected, were re- 
moved this fall, being completely eaten, so that many of them would not stand up at all. 

I find the detached piles driven over tln-ee years ago as stiff as ever, and examination of 
the dock piles at extreme low tide, shows the covering intact. I am confident that if the cov- 
ering is carefully and intelligently used, that it is almost a perfect protection to piles. 

Yours truly, 

T. H. ElCHBAUM, 

Supt. and Engineer. 



Gentlemeti: — San Francisco, Cal., October 30th, 1891. 

Subsequent experience up to this date (Oct. 30th, 1891), shows that the life of piles covered 
with P. & B. Pile-Covering is extended at least five times beyond their life if uncovered. 

Yours truly, 

T. H. ElCHBAUM, 

Supt. ovd Engineer. 
32 



DARBY LAYDON &. CO. 

SA^■ Francisco, Cal, October 29th, 1891. 
Gentlemen: — 

In reply to your letter asking our opinion as to the value of your pre^Daration for 
piles, we can say that we have used a vast number of piles prepared by your system, 
and that we have found it to be better and more lasting than any introduced in this bay. 

We have just completed a wharf structure in which about 600 piles were used, all pre- 
pared by your system. 

Darby Laydox & Co., 

WJiarf & Bridge Builders & Gen' I Contractors. 



ESQUIMALT AND NANAIMO RAILWAY CO. 

Dear Sirs:— Victoria, B. C, April 1st, 1891. 

I have much pleasure in stating that the P. & B. paint and pile-eovering supplied by 
fZln °" "" ''''""' ^"' ^'"^^ ^^'^^'^^-^'^^ '^* ^^--^'- ^-'^ g-- g-t satis- 

Thepiles to which the paint and covering were applied were driven three years ao-o and 
are now intaci, vvliile neighboring piles, not covered, have been renewed long ago. ^ ' 



Yours trul}', 

Joseph Hunter, 

Gen'l Supt. 



THE NEW VANCOUVER COAL MINING &. LAND CO., LTD. 

NAXAiiio, B. C, May l;Jth. 1891. 

Extract. — So far as we have examined the piles up to this date, they are perfectly sound. 
Without the Covering the piles would have been riddled with worm holes long before now. 

Yours truly, 

Samuel M. Robins, 

Svjycrintendent. 

NOTE. — The piles above referred to under date of May, 1891, had been iu the water about two 3-ears and six 
months, having been driven in the month of October, 1888. 



Besides tlie foregoing, we refer to the following users of the P. & B. Pile-Covering: 

SEATTLE. 

H. ^V. ]5aker & Co. 

F. H. Osgood. 

Schwabacher Bros. & Co. 

AVest Seattle Land & Improvement Co. 

TACOMA. 

Tacoma Larul Co. 

Tacoma Wareliouse & Elevator Co. 

SAN FRANCISCO. 

B. McMahon & Son. 
San Francisco Gas Light Co. 
California State Board of Harbor Commissioners. 
For fui-ther information and other references apply to :— 

H. L. GULLINE &. CO., SOLE AGENTS, 

HI COLUMBIA STREET, 

SEATTLE, WASH. 

36 



TRADE 




MARK 



P.8rB.PATENT TEREDO PROOF 

PILE COVERING 



H. L. GULLINE & CO. 

Ill COLUMBIA STREET, SEATTLE, WASH. 

SOLE AGENTS FOR STATE OF WASHINGTON AND PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



,.^^>vj^*« 



